Essay: The Represented Company

Hierarchy limits access by design. Because a board cannot hear every fact known by thousands of employees, managers select who speaks, which cases travel and how much uncertainty arrives with them. If those being governed also control every inspection sample, they can keep contrary cases out of the board's view.

A budget holder can limit a review to delivery and leave the allocation of authority outside its scope. Even when accurate about that narrower question, the resulting report can support a budget or appointment decision as external advice.

Raw access…